Wireless
Transfer data between two or more devices without the use of wires! Some of these technologies include WiFi, cellular, Bluetooth, BLE, Zigbee, RFID, NFC, and GPS. Check out the following tutorials below to get started sending data into the air waves!
Connecting Thing Plus Matter to Google Nest Hub
Connect your Thing Plus Matter board to a Google Nest Hub, as well as the Google Home app, and set up as a light device!
Displaying Sensor Data with Bluetooth
In our previous Bluetooth tutorial called Sending Sensor Data Via Bluetooth, we showed how to display data from a triple axis accelerometer over the Arduino IDE’s serial monitor. Continuing off of the first tutorial, we are going to expand this project to include more capabilities for visualizing and interacting with your accelerometer data.
SparkFun Thing Plus Matter - MGM240P Hookup Guide
Get started with the SparkFun Thing Plus Matter - MGM240P with this Hookup Guide. This guide covers the hardware on this development board along with a quick intro to using the board with Silicon Labs' Simplicity Studio IDE.
SparkFun NanoBeacon Board - IN100 Hookup Guide
A quick guide to show how to configure and use your own 2.4Ghz wireless beacon with the SparkFun NanoBeacon Board - IN100.
Audio Codec Breakout - WM8960 Hookup Guide
The SparkFun Audio Codec Breakout - WM8960 is a low power, high quality stereo codec chock full of features. In this tutorial, some of these features by using an Arduino microcontroller to configure the audio codec and pass audio to the headphone or speaker channels.
Getting Started with u-blox Thingstream and PointPerfect
Interested in high precision GNSS without setting up a base station?
Cellular Function Board - Blues Wireless Notecarrier
Add a global cellular module to your MicroMod project with the SparkFun Cellular Function Board - Blues Wireless Notecarrier. With this Function board you can not only send data to and from your MicroMod project, you can even update the firmware on the STM32 MicroMod Processor.
Qwiic Kit for Raspberry Pi V2 Hookup Guide
Get started with the SGP40, BME280, VCNL4040, and microOLED via I2C using the Qwiic system and Python on a Raspberry Pi! Measure VOC Index, light, temperature, humidity, and pressure from the environment. Then display them on the microOLED, serial terminal, or the cloud with Cayenne!
SparkFun Satellite Transceiver Kit - Swarm M138 Hookup Guide
A hookup guide for the SparkFun Satellite Transceiver - Swarm M138 (KIT-21287)
Sending Sensor Data over LoRa
This tutorial will show you how setup a simple peer-to-peer connection to send and receive sensor data using LoRa.
GNSS Correction Data Receiver (NEO-D9S) Hookup Guide
Add GNSS correction data to your high precision GNSS (HPG) receiver with the u-blox NEO-D9S! This tutorial will get you started with the ZED-F9P, NEO-D9S, and the ESP32 IoT RedBoard.
Wireless Timing Project
Time for racing, let's make a wireless timing device using ESP32 wireless communication.
AzureWave Thing Plus (AW-CU488) Hookup Guide
The SparkFun AzureWave Thing Plus is a Feather form-factor development board equipped with the AW-CU488. We'll highlight key features of the board and show you to get started with the development board. A few Arduino examples will be highlighted to connect to a WiFi router, calculate the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) from an input microphone, output an analog signal to a speaker, and connect an Qwiic-enabled device.
Getting Started with the DA16200 FreeRTOS SDK
Interested in the DA16200 FreeRTOS SDK? This guide covers setting up the SDK in the Eclipse IDE and how to program our boards with the DA16200 module.
ESP32 Thing Plus (USB-C) Hookup Guide
Meet the updated ESP32 Thing Plus (USB-C) development board. We have included some extra bells and whistles that users will appreciate, so check out out hookup guide for all the details!
IoT RedBoard ESP32 Development Board Hookup Guide
Delve into the functionality-rich world of the IoT RedBoard ESP32 Development Board!
MicroMod GNSS Function Board - NEO-M9N Hookup Guide
The u-blox NEO-M9N is a powerful GPS unit that now comes populated on a MicroMod Function Board! In this tutorial, we will quickly get you set up using it with the MicroMod ecosystem and Arduino so that you can start reading the output.
Monitor Sensor Data from Anywhere
Using WiFi to send sensor data from an ESP32 to a WiFi network and be able to read it from an IoT Dashboard from anywhere in the world.
LoRaSerial Hookup Guide
Simple serial over LoRa!
Getting Started with the MyoWare® 2.0 Muscle Sensor Ecosystem
The MyoWare® 2.0 Muscle Sensor, an Arduino-compatible, all-in-one electromyography (EMG) sensor from Advancer Technologies. In this tutorial, we will go over the features and related shields to connect the sensor to a muscle group.
Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W
Learn how to setup, configure and use the latest version of the smallest Raspberry Pi out there, the Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W.
Artemis Global Tracker Hookup Guide
The SparkFun Artemis Global Tracker combines the Artemis processor with an Iridium 9603N satellite transceiver, ZOE-M8Q GNSS transceiver, and MS8607 PHT sensor. With a clear view of the sky, this board allows you to send and receive short data messages from anywhere in the world including remote locations far beyond the reach of WiFi and GSM networks. Follow this guide to get started with the Artemis Global Tracker.
ARGOS (ARTIC R2) Satellite Communication Guide
A guide describing the ARGOS satellite network - as used by our ARTIC R2 satellite communication products
1W LoRa MicroMod Function Board Hookup Guide
Everything you need to get started with the 1W LoRa MicroMod function board; a MicroMod function board that provides LoRa capabilities for your MicroMod project. Must be used in conjunction with a MicroMod main board and processor.
MicroMod WiFi Function Board - DA16200 Hookup Guide
Add IoT functionality to any MicroMod project with the MicroMod WiFi function Board - DA16200!
MicroMod WiFi Function Board - ESP32 Hookup Guide
The MicroMod ESP32 Function Board adds additional wireless options to MicroMod Processor Boards that do not have that capability. This special function board acts as a coprocessor that takes advantage of Espressif's ESP32 WROOM to add WiFi and Bluetooth® to your applications.
smôl ZOE-M8Q Hookup Guide
Small in size, small on current draw. It's a smôl world! This guide will get you up and running with the smôl ZOE-M8Q GNSS Peripheral Board.
smôl ARTIC R2 Hookup Guide
Small in size, small on current draw. It's a smôl world! This guide will get you up and running with the smôl ARTIC R2 satellite communication Peripheral Board.
Dialog ULP WiFi DA16200 R3 Shield Hookup Guide
Add WiFi to your project with this hookup guide for our Dialog's Ultra Low Power DA16200 R3 shield!
SparkFun RTK Express Hookup Guide
Learn how to use the enclosed RTK Express product to achieve millimeter level geospatial coordinates.
nRF9160 Thing Plus Hookup Guide
Getting started with the nRF9160 from Circuit Dojo and SparkFun!
MicroMod Asset Tracker Carrier Board Hookup Guide
Get started with the SparkFun MicroMod Asset Tracker Carrier Board following this Hookup Guide. The Asset Tracker uses the u-blox SARA-R510M8S LTE-M / NB-IoT module to provide a host of data communication options.
MicroMod Update Tool Hookup Guide
Follow this guide to learn how to use the MicroMod Update Tool to interact directly with the UART on the MicroMod Asset Tracker's SARA-R5. Using this board you can talk directly to the module using u-blox's m-center software as well as update the firmware using EasyFlash.
SparkFun RTK Surveyor Hookup Guide
Learn how to use the enclosed RTK Surveyor product to achieve millimeter level geospatial coordinates.
Getting Started with the 8BitDo Bluetooth GamePads
Getting up and running with the sweet new 8BitDo game controllers!
MicroMod ESP32 Processor Board Hookup Guide
A short hookup guide to get started with the SparkFun MicroMod ESP32 Processor Board.
How to Build a DIY GNSS Reference Station
Learn how to affix a GNSS antenna, use PPP to get its ECEF coordinates and then broadcast your own RTCM data over the internet and cellular using NTRIP to increase rover reception to 10km!
Setting up a Rover Base RTK System
Getting GNSS RTCM correction data from a base to a rover is easy with a serial telemetry radio! We'll show you how to get your high precision RTK GNSS system setup and running.
How to Make a Magic Mirror with Raspberry Pi
Need a great project for your Raspberry Pi 4 kit? Use it to create a command center to display the weather, clock, your calendar, or even a news feed!
Wireless Remote Weather Station with micro:bit
Monitor the weather without being exposed to it through wireless communication between two micro:bits using the radio blocks! This is useful if your weather station is installed in a location that is difficult to retrieve data from the OpenLog. We will also explore a few different ways to send and receive data.
Assembly Guide for SparkFun JetBot AI Kit V2.0
Assembly Guide for the SparkFun JetBot AI Kit v2.0. This tutorial includes photos & comments to assemble the two-layer chassis & additional components unique to the JetBot kit.
Raspberry Pi 4 Kit Hookup Guide
Guide for hooking up your Raspberry Pi 4 Model B basic, desktop, or hardware starter kit together.
Secure DIY Garage Door Opener
Did you know that most garage doors are at risk of a roll jam attack? Here we make a DIY garage door remote-control system that is much more secure than most commercial-ready products using the latest in ECC cryptography.
SparkFun GPS NEO-M9N Hookup Guide
The u-blox NEO-M9N is a powerful GPS unit that comes with a chip antenna, SMA connector, and u.FL connector. We will quickly get you set up using the Qwiic ecosystem and Arduino so that you can start reading the output!
Getting Started with the Autonomous Kit for the Sphero RVR
Want to get started in robotics? Look no further than the SparkFun autonomous kit for the Sphero RVR! Whether you purchased the Basic or Advanced kit, this tutorial will get you rolling...
Basic Autonomous Kit for Sphero RVR Assembly Guide
Get your Basic Autonomous Kit for Sphero RVR all hooked up with this guide!
Advanced Autonomous Kit for Sphero RVR Assembly Guide
Get your Advanced Autonomous Kit for the Sphero RVR built up with this hookup guide!
Wireless Controlled Wearable EL Wire Dance Suit
In this tutorial, we will build an EL wire dance suit that can be controlled by a wireless glove controller!
Hookup Guide for the SparkFun Artemis Thing Plus
Get started with our SparkFun Artemis Thing Plus - our popular Thing Plus footprint with the powerful Artemis module for ultimate functionality.
ESP32 Relay Web Server
The goal of this project is to have a website hosted on an ESP32 that controls any relay controlled device connected to a local network and keeps a dynamically updated state of those devices.
Hookup Guide for the SparkFun RedBoard Artemis ATP
Get started with the RedBoard Artemis ATP - all the functionality of the SparkFun Artemis module wrapped in the Mega Arduino Footprint
Hookup Guide for the SparkFun RedBoard Artemis Nano
Get started with the powerful RedBoard Artemis Nano
Hookup Guide for the SparkFun RedBoard Artemis
Get started with the RedBoard Artemis - all the functionality of the SparkFun Artemis module wrapped in the familiar Uno R3 footprint
XBee3 Thing Plus Hookup Guide
Get started with SparkFun's XBee3 Thing Plus - both the u.FL as well as the PCB antenna versions.
Designing with the SparkFun Artemis
Let's chat about layout and design considerations when using the Artemis module.
Artemis Development with Arduino
Get our powerful Artemis based boards (Artemis Nano, BlackBoard Artemis, and BlackBoard Artemis ATP) blinking in less than 5 minutes using the SparkFun Artemis Arduino Core!
Wireless Gesture Controlled Robot
Control the RedBot wirelessly based on the movement of your hand using an accelerometer, Arduino, and XBees!
Wireless Glove Controller
Build a wireless glove controller with Arduinos to trigger an LED using XBees!
SparkFun GPS Breakout (ZOE-M8Q and SAM-M8Q) Hookup Guide
The SparkFun ZOE-M8Q and SAM-M8Q are two similarly powerful GPS units but with different project applications. We'll compare both chips before getting each up and running.
GNSS Chip Antenna Hookup Guide
You've always wanted to experiment with those tiny GPS antennas. Now you can!
Wireless RC Robot with Arduino and XBees
In this tutorial, we will expand on the SIK for RedBot to control the robot wirelessly with XBee radios! We'll explore a different microcontroller and wirelessly control the RedBot at a distance.
ESP32 Thing Plus Hookup Guide
Hookup guide for the ESP32 Thing Plus (Micro-B) using the ESP32 WROOM's WiFi/Bluetooth system-on-chip in Arduino.
AST-CAN485 WiFi Shield Hookup Guide
Hookup Guide for the AST-CAN485 WiFi Shield.
Live Spotify Album Art Display
Learn how to turn our 64x64 RGB LED Matrix Panel into a display for your current Spotify album art using an ESP32.
Wireless Remote Control with micro:bit
In this tutorial, we will utilize the MakeCode radio blocks to have the one micro:bit transmit a signal to a receiving micro:bit on the same channel. Eventually, we will control a micro:bot wirelessly using parts from the arcade:kit!
Three Quick Tips About Using U.FL
Quick tips regarding how to connect, protect, and disconnect U.FL connectors.
SparkFun WiFi IR Blaster Hookup Guide
How to assemble the WiFi IR Blaster and program it using Arduino. You'll be controlling IR devices from the web in no time!
LTE Cat M1/NB-IoT Shield Hookup Guide
The SparkFun LTE CAT M1/NB-IoT Shield equips your Arduino or Arduino-compatible microcontroller with access to data networks across the globe. This shield adds wireless, high-bandwidth cellular functionality to your IoT project!
SparkFun LoRa Gateway 1-Channel Hookup Guide
How to setup and use the LoRa Gateway 1-Channel in Arduino.
Introduction to MQTT
An introduction to MQTT, one of the main communication protocols used with the Internet of Things (IoT).
SparkFun SAMD21 Pro RF Hookup Guide
Using the super blazing, nay blinding, fast SAMD21 whipping clock cycles at 48MHz and the RFM96 module to connect to the Things Network (and other Radio woodles).
ESP32 LoRa 1-CH Gateway, LoRaWAN, and the Things Network
Using the ESP32 LoRa 1-CH Gateway as a gateway and device, and pushing data to The Things Network.
LoRaWAN with ProRF and The Things Network
Learn how to make a LoRaWAN node for your next long range IoT project and connect it to the internet with The Things Network!
HX1 APRS Transmitter Hookup Guide
The HX1 is a low-power amateur radio transmitter that can be used to send data to the Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS) network.
SparkFun Arduino ProtoShield Hookup Guide
The SparkFun Arduino ProtoShield PCB and ProtoShield kit lets you customize your own Arduino shield using whatever custom circuit you can come up with! This tutorial will go over its features, hardware assembly, and how to use the shield with an Arduino R3 footprint.
WiFi Controlled Robot
This tutorial will show you how to make a robot that streams a webcam to a custom website that can be remotely controlled.
Setting up a Raspberry Pi 3 as an Access Point
This guide will show you how to configure a Raspberry Pi as an access point and connect it to your local Ethernet network to share Internet to other WiFi devices.
Using Artnet DMX and the ESP32 to Drive Pixels
In this tutorial, we'll find out how to use Resolume Arena, a popular video jockey software, to control custom-made ArtNet DMX fixtures.
MIDI BLE Tutorial
Developing a bidirectional MIDI-BLE link with the nRF52832 Breakout.
Getting Started with Walabot
See through walls, track objects, monitor breathing patterns, and more using the power of radio frequency with the Walabot! In this tutorial, we will explore Walabot’s features using the Software Demo Kit (SDK) on Windows and the Application Programming Interface (API) on Linux-based distributions for embedded projects.
Using the PSoC 6 Pioneer Board with the Pioneer IoT Add-on Shield
Cypress's PSoC 6 Pioneer Board is a development tool for the powerful PSoC 6 processor. In this tutorial, we'll show you how to use the PSoC 6 Pioneer Board along with the SparkFun/Digi-Key Pioneer IoT Add-on Shield to send data to a Raspberry Pi via BLE or WiFi.
Wireless Audio Bluetooth Adapter w/ BC127
Build a custom wireless audio Bluetooth adapter using BlueCreation's BC127 and add it to your old speaker system!
Using Flask to Send Data to a Raspberry Pi
In this tutorial, we'll show you how to use the Flask framework for Python to send data from ESP8266 WiFi nodes to a Raspberry Pi over an internal WiFi network.
Wireless Motor Driver Shield Hookup Guide
Get started with the SparkFun Wireless Motor Driver Shield!
Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi Zero Wireless
Learn how to setup, configure and use the smallest Raspberry Pi yet, the Raspberry Pi Zero - Wireless.
ESP32 Thing Power Control Shield Hookup Guide
This tutorial shows you how to get started with the ESP32 Thing Power Control Shield.
Simultaneous RFID Tag Reader Hookup Guide
A basic guide to getting started with the RFID Tag Reader breakout and how to read and write multiple RFID tags over multiple feet!
RFID Basics
Dive into the basics of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology.
Wireless Joystick Hookup Guide
A hookup guide for the SparkFun Wireless Joystick Kit.
Logging Data to Google Sheets with the Tessel 2
This project covers how to log data to Google Sheets two ways: using IFTTT with a web connection or a USB pen drive and "sneakernet" without.
Internet of Things Experiment Guide
The SparkFun ESP8266 Thing Dev Board is a powerful development platform that lets you connect your hardware projects to the Internet. In this guide, we show you how to combine some simple components to remotely log temperature data, send yourself texts and control lights from afar.
Serial Controlled Motor Driver Hookup Guide
Hookup guide for the Serial Controlled Motor Driver
nRF52832 Breakout Board Hookup Guide
How to hookup and program (in Arduino!) the nRF52832 Breakout -- a development board for Nordic's BLE/ANT/2.4GHz system on chip.
ESP32 Thing Hookup Guide
An introduction to the ESP32 Thing's hardware features, and a primer on using the WiFi system-on-chip in Arduino.
ReconBot with the Tessel 2
Build a robot with the Tessel 2 that you can control from a browser on your phone or laptop.
Environmental Monitoring with the Tessel 2
Build an air-conditioner monitoring device to collect environment information and store it in the cloud.
Sunrise Machine with the Tessel 2
Are you to sleepy to enjoy a sunrise on a brisk morning? Yeah...us too! No worries, with a Webcam, a Tessel 2 and a bit of code you can sleep in and catch the sunrise at your leisure with the Sunrise Machine.
Getting Started with the Tessel 2
Get your Tessel 2 up and running by blinking and LED, the Hello World of embedded electronics.
Connectivity of the Internet of Things
An overview of the different protocols that can be used for the development of Internet of Things (IoT)-based projects.
Experiment Guide for the Johnny-Five Inventor's Kit
Use the Tessel 2 and the Johnny Five Inventors kit to explore the world of JavaScript enabled hardware through 14 awesome experiments!
Hazardous Gas Monitor
Build a portable gas monitor to check for dangerous levels of hazardous gases.
GPS Differential Vector Pointer
Use GPS to have two objects, a base and a target, point towards one another. This can be used to aim a directional antenna (or in the case of this project, a laser) from one object to the other object at a distance that is only limited by your ability to provide the base station with the target's GPS location.
How to Build a Remote Kill Switch
Learn how to build a wireless controller to kill power when things go... sentient.
RFM69HCW Hookup Guide
The RFM69HCW is an inexpensive transceiver that you can use to create all kinds of wireless projects. This tutorial will help you get started.
Blynk Board Project Guide
A series of Blynk projects you can set up on the Blynk Board without ever re-programming it.
Getting Started with the SparkFun Blynk Board
How to provision a Blynk Board - get it connected to Wi-Fi and Blynk, so you can start Blynking!
ESP8266 Powered Propane Poofer
Learn how Nick Poole built a WiFi controlled fire-cannon using the ESP8266 Thing Dev Board!
LED Cloud-Connected Cloud
Make an RGB colored cloud light! You can also control it from your phone, or hook up to the weather!
SparkFun Inventor's Kit for Edison Experiment Guide
Learn how to harness the power of the Intel® Edison using JavaScript to post data to the cloud, control electronics from smartphones, and host web pages that interact with circuits.
EL Sequencer/Escudo Dos Hookup Guide
A basic guide to getting started with the SparkFun EL Sequencer and Escudo Dos to control electroluminescence (EL) wire, panels, and strips.
ESP8266 Thing Development Board Hookup Guide
An overview of SparkFun's ESP8266 Thing Development Board - a development board for the Internet of Things.
SparkFun Inventor's Kit for Photon Experiment Guide
Dive into the world of the Internet of Things with the SparkFun Inventor's Kit for Photon.
Si4703 FM Radio Receiver Hookup Guide
Add some tunes to your project with the Si4703 FM Radio Receiver Breakout.
nRF24L01+ Transceiver Hookup Guide
A basic getting started guided to the SparkFun Transceiver Breakout - nRF24L01+
Electric Imp Breakout Hookup Guide
An electric imp HUG! Provides an overview of the imp card and breakout. Both hardware and firmware subjects are covered.
Teensy XBee Adapter Hookup Guide
Getting started with the Teensy 3.1 / Teensy 3.2 and XBee. Establishing a serial link.
Experiment Guide for RedBot with Shadow Chassis
This Experiment Guide offers nine experiments to get you started with the SparkFun RedBot. This guide is designed for those who are familiar with our SparkFun Inventor's Kit and want to take their robotics knowledge to the next level.
ESP8266 Thing Hookup Guide
An overview of SparkFun's ESP8266 Thing - a development board for the Internet of...Things. This tutorial explains the circuitry driving the board, and how to get it up and running in an Arduino environment.
SparkFun RFID Starter Kit Hookup Guide
Learn the basics of how to get started with the SparkFun RFID Starter Kit.
Exploring XBees and XCTU
How to set up an XBee using your computer, the X-CTU software, and an XBee Explorer interface board.
GPS Shield Hookup Guide
This tutorial shows how to get started with the SparkFun GPS Shield and read and parse NMEA data with a common GPS receiver.
BC118 BLE Mate 2 Hookup Guide
Hooking up and using the BLE Mate 2, which uses the BC118 BLE module from BlueCreations.
XBee Shield Hookup Guide
How to get started with an XBee Shield and Explorer. Create a remote-control Arduino!
Are You Okay? Widget
Use an Electric Imp and accelerometer to create an "Are You OK" widget. A cozy piece of technology your friend or loved one can nudge to let you know they're OK from half-a-world away.
Arduino Wireless Communication via the Electric Imp
How to communicate between an Electric Imp and Arduino using serial.
Teardown: Misfit Shine Activity Tracker
A quick tear down of the popular fitness tracking device, the Misfit Shine.
Hackers in Residence - Hacking MindWave Mobile
Review, teardown, and hacking tutorial for the MindWave Mobile, a $99 commercial grade EEG sensor.
Wireless Arduino Programming with Electric Imp
Reprogram your Arduino from anywhere in the world using the Tomatoless Boots wireless bootloader with the Electric Imp.
Simon Splosion Wireless
This is a tutorial demonstrating one of many techniques to "hack" the Simon Says. We will highlight the technique to take your Simon Says Wireless.
WiFly Shield Hookup Guide
How to get the WiFly Shield up and running.
Understanding the BC127 Bluetooth Module
SparkFun has two boards using the BC127; here's what you need to know to use them.
Copernicus II Hookup Guide
A guide for how to get started with the Copernicus II GPS module.
XBee WiFi Hookup Guide
An overview of Digi's WiFi XBees, and a quick how-to on getting them connected and interfacing with the cloud.
Pro Micro & Fio V3 Hookup Guide
An overview of the Atmega32U4-based Pro Micro and FioV3, how to install it, and how to use it with Arduino.
IR Control Kit Hookup Guide
How to get the most out of the infrared receivers and transmitters included in the IR Control Kit.
Using the BlueSMiRF
How to get started using the BlueSMiRF and Bluetooth Mate Silvers.
RN-52 Bluetooth Hookup Guide
A hookup guide to get you started with the RN-52 Audio Bluetooth Module Breakout Board.
Bluetooth Basics
An overview of the Bluetooth wireless technology.
Si4707 Hookup Guide
Instructions on hooking up to and communicating with the Si4707 Weather Band Radio Breakout using an Arduino.
IR Communication
This tutorial explains how common infrared (IR) communication works, as well as shows you how to set up a simple IR transmitter and receiver with an Arduino.
GPS Basics
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is an engineering marvel that we all have access to for a relatively low cost and no subscription fee. With the correct hardware and minimal effort, you can determine your position and time almost anywhere on the globe.
Heartbeat Straight Jacket
An EL project that displays one person's heartbeat on another person's costume.
Old Tutorials
Looking for the old, archived tutorials? Head on over to the
archived tutorials on the main
SparkFun site.
Please be aware that the tutorials you find there are no longer
actively maintained.